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Historical Timeline
The Birth of Modern Psychology
Outsider Art
Early 1800s, Europe
C. Lombroso, A. Tardieu, & T. Simon began a trend of showing interest in "outsider art" or art created by the self-taught or with little connection to the art world. Many of these artists were also psychiatric patients, hermits, or spiritualists.
In Austria, F. Cane, F. Cizek, & V. Lowenfeld help pioneer modern art.
Sigmund Freud, the "Father of Psychoanalysis", creates ideas about how personality is structured, the role of the unconscious and stages of development.
E. Erikson, V. Lowenfeld, J. Piaget, & L. Vygotsky together found the Developmental Theory, which focuses on how humans develop from infants to adulthood. This includes ideas about cognition, socialization and morality.
William James became the "Father of American Psychology. Around the same time, F. Cizek, J. Dewey, V. Lowenfeld, M. Montessori, & J. Piaget start the Progressive Education Movement.
M. Ainsworth, D. Baumrind, H. Harlow, & J. Bowlby together founded Attachment Theory, which explored how children bond with their parents and how that effects their mental health.
M. Betensky & J. Rhyne applied the phenomenological approach to art therapy. This approach focuses on the analysis of the writings or spoken words to see experiences from the client's point of view.
Margaret Naumburg, the "Mother of Art Therapy", defines “dynamically oriented art therapy” thereby establishing art therapy as a separate mental health discipline
A. Bandura, A. Beck, A. Ellis, G. Kelly, I. Pavlov, & J. Wolpe together develop Cognitive Behavioral Therapy aims to identify, challenge and replace negative thoughts.
W. R. Miller & S. Rollnick developed Motivational Interview, a technique that was made to help empower addicts to take responsibility for their recovery.
A. Bandura, B.F. Skinner, M. Linehan, I. Pavlov, J. Wolpe together create Dialectical-Behavioral Therapy which aims to treat Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).
L.Y. Abramson, J. Bugental, M. Csikszentmihalyi, E. Fromm, D. Gilbert, J. Kabat-Zinn, C. Keyes, A. Maslow, R. May, C. Peterson, C. Rogers, C. Ryff, M. Seligman, G. Vaillant all together develop Positive Psychology & Mindfulness theory.
S. K. Butler, W. Kymlicka, J. R. McCullough, S. Nassar-McMillan, B. Parekh, M. J. Ratts, C. Taylor, J. Tully, A. A. Singh, I. M. Young together developed Multicultural & Social Justice Theory.
